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Notes on video lecture:
Darwin's Effect on 19th Century Ideas
Notes taken by Edward Tanguay on October 27, 2015 (go to class or lectures)
Choose from these words to fill the blanks below:
global, creatures, different, Galapagos, Descent, diversification, adaptation, artifacts, abolitionist, lifetime, shocked, advisers, 1839, propensities, Beagle, natural, Edinburgh, Indians, debased, French, skulls, earth, racial, revolutionary
•
Charles Darwin
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developed an early fascination with history
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educated at and Cambridge
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encouraged him to explore his world
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a world that was becoming both interconnected and interdependent
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an example in which the worlds horizons were opening up
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technological revolutions
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Revolution
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advent of free trade
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embarked on a five year journey
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H.M.S.
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South America
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Islands
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Australia
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gathered evidence of
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fossils
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marine invertebrate
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fascinated by he gathered from various places in the world
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a good observer of animal behavior
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last book was a book about worms
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The Voyage of the Beagle
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on trip, he took notes and he doodled
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1850 On the Origin of Species
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note the singular origin to the plural species
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he wanted to help explain in nature
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variation and take place over time
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concluded that insects became more speciated over time
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they were not born different, they evolved to become different
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1871 The of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex
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his major work
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based on his of observation of
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orchids
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moths
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animals from around the world
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argued for a concept of human evolution and sexual selection
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all humans are one species
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all species share some fundamental
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from common descent we get diversity
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humans among other species belong to a single animal kingdom
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"Man with all his noble qualities, with sympathy which feels for the most , with benevolence which extends not only to other men but to the humblest living creature, with his god-like intellect which has penetrated into the movements and constitution of the solar system, with all these exalted powers, man still bears in his bodily frame the indelible stamp of his lowly origin."
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powerful and words
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and you can imagine the brouhaha that would be produced by words such as these
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this was a blow to theories about
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living beings
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humanity
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history
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until Darwin came along, the prevailing dogma was that humans were fundamentally
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different species obeyed different laws
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people came from entirely different origins
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this idea of a fundamental species differentiation among humans was a theory called pluralism
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used phrenology to examine to determine which race people belonged to
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put negros at the bottom of the ladder of superiority and inferiority
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people had to be kept in their places since they were meant to be separate
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argument for slavery
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physical characteristics of people showed that we belonged to different races which should stay separate
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along comes Charles Darwin
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argued that the laws of natural selection applied to all
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arguing for a different model
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in his tree of life, humans all branch from a shared trunk
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Africans, , Europeans
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it's often forgotten that he was a lifelong and a profound humanitarian and his science buttressed his moral code
•
he work in his journal The Voyage of Chronicle of the Beagle that he was at the sight of slavery in Brazil and in South Africa
Ideas and Concepts:
How 19th century arguments for slavery were undercut by Darwin's theory of natural selection, via this morning's History Since 1300 class: "The prevailing social dogma of pre-Darwin Europe was that human races were fundamentally different, that each race had fundamentally different characteristics, came from different origins, obeyed different laws, and therefore each had a different place in the world. Pseudoscience such as phrenology was used to examine the skulls of various races to show that some races were more adept at being masters and other races more adept at being slaves, which naturally put negroes at the bottom of the ladder of superiority and inferiority, which was used an argument to justify the institution of slavery in places such as the Southern United States, Brazil, and South Africa. Then along came Charles Darwin who argued that the laws of natural selection applied to all creatures and that humans all branch from a shared trunk, showing that Africans, Indians, and Europeans did not come from different origins at all, but from the same origin, a theory which undermined the argument for slavery and was anathema to those who were benefiting economically and socially from the institution of slavery."
Pseudoscience of the day, via this morning's History Since 1300 class: "phrenology, n. from [φρήν] (mind) and [λόγος] (knowledge), a study primarily focused on measurements of the human skull, based on the concept that the brain is the organ of the mind, and that certain brain areas have localized, specific functions or modules. Although both of those ideas have a basis in reality, phrenology extrapolated beyond empirical knowledge in a way that departed from science. Developed by German physician Franz Joseph Gall in 1796, the discipline was very popular in the 19th century, especially from about 1810 until 1840. Although now regarded as an obsolete amalgamation of primitive neuroanatomy with moral philosophy, phrenological thinking was influential in 19th-century psychiatry. Gall's assumption that character, thoughts, and emotions are located in specific parts of the brain is considered an important historical advance toward neuropsychology."
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