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Notes on video lecture:
The Early 19th Century Market Revolution
Notes taken by Edward Tanguay on July 18, 2015 (go to class or lectures)


Choose from these words to fill the blanks below:
Ottoman, aphrodisiac, 1842, trade, Opium, steam, conquered, Eurasia, hobbled, Pyrrhic, free, penetrate, dead, humiliation, finance, Mughal, Nanging, state, brother, agrarian, Canton, lucrative, Confucian, prices, order, Manchu, Pasha, metals, civil, Xiuquan, illegitimate, Chinese, India, outside, Christian, heathens, Protestant, erosion, silver, Smith, Nanging, messianic
market revolution
merchants didn't need anymore sanctions to enjoy their privileges
there emerged a new ideology of trade
Ali (1769-1849) made deal with the British to get access to markets
drew inspiration from Adam
coupled with a transformation in
new financial actors: merchant bankers
old agrarian aristocracies of China, India and the Empire were now being challenged by these new kinds of relationships
being threatened less by formal empires and more by merchant practices
penetration of market forces into ancient, aristocratic societies shook the balance of the system
China
had never undergone a conquest in the way that the Americas had been
instead, a slow process of of the sovereignty of the Qing Empire
partly from forces from within
like the Ottoman and Empire (1526-1857)
spreading unrest as food became scarcer and more expensive
new pressures from China
reversing of trade balance between Europe and China
Europe used to have to bring precious
by 1828, began to flow out of China
commodities from Europe began to flow into China
cotton textiles and metal wares
put pressures on in China
ports like were thriving with business
after 1807, English and American missionaries would begin penetrating into China
with a dream of converting 150 million
opium trade
narcotics have always been a very business
opium offered a great high and was allegedly an
a product that Chinese seemed to want from European merchants
in particular from the East Company
brought opium from India
Chinese government tried to shut down the opium dens
tried to control the traffic
concerned about spreading addiction
by , 40,000 chests of opium were being shipped per year to China markets
government was very weak in trying to do this
foreign powers were unwilling to collaborate with the since they were making money on this trade
arrival of British ships
defend the dens
bombardment of Chinese ports in Canton
Chinese used clubs and spears to defend themselves against British artillery
1842 Treaty of
humiliating treaty
marked the end of the First War (1839-1842)
enormous indemnities to the victors
creation of treaty ports
laws for foreigners to enjoy their own laws when in China
the triumph of free trade
further the Chinese state
1840s Chinese response
try to protect against this
but there was already a decline and dire circumstances for the state
of the state
spread of the consumption of illegal products like opium
no apparent ability to control it
people began to search out for a new moral
a new compass
a new way of governing China
this kind of decline attracted and millenarian movements
Hong Xiuquan
influenced by missionaries
1837 had a dream
saw himself as Jesus'
failed the civil service examinations
so founded the Society of God Worshipers
led uprising against the Chinese state
movement spread
Taiping Rebellion
Hong (1814–1864)
claimed to be brother of Jesus
preached with many Biblical allusions
emerged as a national threat to the Qing authority
1853
army of 700,000 took
target was the who were governing China
also and Buddhist leaders believed that people the Taiping Rebellion would pull people away
ultimate it was foreigner who were most alarmed, fearing chaos in this marketplace
rushed troops and weapons to China to put down this rebellion
took 15 years to put it down
the worst war in history
20-30 million people left
left Qing state even more crippled and than when it started out
Qing government more indebted to foreigners than it was before
the Qing's victory over the Taiping Rebellion was a victory
they were forced to allow foreigners to markets with even more preferential terms than ever
so we can ask ourselves how free trade, this revolution in concepts of freedom, crept into, insinuated itself into an old, dynasty that was never conquered by the West but was slowly crippled by these new practices and doctrines, hollowed out from within to serve a new kind of commercial purpose
Spelling Corrections:
priveleges ⇒ privileges
illigitimate ⇒ illegitimate
Ideas and Concepts:
The political use of the Jesus Christ meme apparently not confined to America, via this morning's History Since 1300 class: "Hong Xiuquan (1814–1864) was a Hakka Chinese man who led the Taiping Rebellion against the Qing Dynasty, establishing the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom over varying portions of southern China, with himself as the Heavenly King and self-proclaimed brother of Jesus Christ. At the age of 22, in 1836, Hong decided to take the provincial examinations in the city of Guangzhou (Canton) where he happened to hear an Evangelical Christian missionary preaching. In 1837 after failing his imperial examinations, he suffered a nervous collapse and had a number of vivid and terrifying dreams, which he interpreted as mystical visions based on the preaching he had heard. Hong began burning all Confucian and Buddhist statues and books in his house, and set out preaching to his community about his visions. By 1850 Hong had between 10,000 to 30,000 followers and from 1850 to 1864 led the Taiping Rebellion against the Qing Dynasty. Following a failed attempt by the Taiping rebels to take Shanghai in 1860, Qing government forces, aided by Western officers, slowly gained ground. It is thought that in 1864 after Qing authorities finally gained a decisive military advantage and all hope of maintaining his kingdom was lost, Hong committed suicide by taking poison."

European Conquest 2.0 via this morning's History Since 1300 class: "The Taiping Rebellion took the Qinq dynasty 15 years to put down, which resulted in more than 20 million deaths, certainly the worst civil war in history. And the Qing would not have been able to quell this rebellion had it not been for the aid of European powers who were equally as alarmed by the uprising, fearing chaos in this Asian marketplace. But the Qing's victory over the Taiping Rebellion was a Pyrrhic victory:it left the Qing state even more crippled and illegitimate than when it started out, and the government was then forced to allow foreigners to penetrate markets with even more preferential terms than before. So we can ask ourselves how free trade, this revolution in concepts of freedom, crept into, insinuated itself into an old, agrarian dynasty that was never conquered by the West per se, but was slowly crippled by these new practices and doctrines, hollowed out from within to serve a new kind of commercial purpose."
