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Notes on video lecture:
Deontology, Utilitarianism, and Virtue Ethics
Notes taken by Edward Tanguay on November 4, 2014 (go to class or lectures)
Choose from these words to fill the blanks below:
Chinese, anonymous, trustworthy, duties, perception, democracies, reflex, Daoism, Mohists, worried, behavior, unchangeable, kin, reasoning, commitment, dispositions, primates, novel, favor, institutional, guarantee, reciprocal, law, evolutionary, see, education, Han, born, Kant, society, trustfully, normative, institutional, genes, desires, Aristotle, utilitarianism, virtue, payoffs, unified, deontology, strangers, Mill, civilization, maxims, spontaneous, tribal, reason, law, relatives, 150, internalized
is a relatively new development for human beings
for most of history, and that of our line of primates, we live in small-scale societies
usually groups of no more than
most of them or at least others known to us
you could generally keep track of others within the group
this is how still live
around 12,000 years ago, there was a transition to , large-scale agricultural communities
interacting with
having one-off interactions with people we may not again
this was a completely way of living compared to the history of human beings up to this point
99.9% of human beings today live in this kind of environment
cooperation puzzle based on:
1. selection
you tend to cooperation with relatives because they tend to be and because they are carrying copies of your
2. altruism
"I do you a favor, you do me a "
these two features of relationships function throughout the animal world
but something more than these two features has to be going on in large-scale human societies, since:
we interact with many strangers throughout every day
many of these interactions are one-off without any that you will see that person again
claim #1: hypothesis
our hot psychology, system 1 systems, have remained unchanged
on a "hot" level, we are still basically animals and so this coherence in large societies is based on instincts and intuitions re-channeled through external institutions
laws which act to suppress our hot cognitive nature, encourage our cold cognitive processes to why it is to our benefit to obey the laws
e.g. hot cognition encourages me to favor my family and my friends, but there is a that says I will get punished if I do this
so cold cognition comes in and I refrain from doing this
how people went from tribal society to civilization is one of the main themes in early history
they were very about this problem and as a society solved it with two general approaches
1. rule by
and Legalists
pushing institutional solutions
human nature is , selfish and tribal
but we can set up these new institutional incentive systems that will change the way people behave
rational calculation
cognitive control
depend on reward and punishment
2. rule by virtue
Confucianism and
pushing a model
emotions, virtues
allows for reactions
depends on values
what it means to live in civilization is to acquire new virtues, a virtue being a socially desirable disposition
a spontaneous way to act, if you have the virtue of honesty, you are not honest based on a rule, but out of your nature, spontaneously
a hot cognitive reaction, a
in practice, all successful societies seem to involve a mix of both
virtue-based Confucian societies also have many rules, punishment-reward mechanisms
becomes the model in China
in the Dynasty, Confucianism gets established as the state religion
institution-based societies still value virtues such as honesty, loyalty, and courage
e.g. the Qin dynasty's model China, but was seen by the Han Dynasty as harsh and inhuman
but the Han Dynasty inherited many of the structure from the Chin Dynasty
modern are institution-based societies ruled by law
we still value virtues but they play a second role to laws
cognition and ethics
ethical
when you think about ethics
ethical
when you act ethically or unethically
ethical
when ethics is taught
three models of ethics
1.
rule-based ethics
you have , typically in the form of maxims
ethical reasoning and behavior involves knowing those , how to rank them, e.g. is it ok to lie if you can prevent a murder, etc.
concerned with ethical dilemmas
cold-system based
associated most prominently with Immanuel
2.
maximize desirable outcomes
e.g. happiness or pleasure
who it is for: individual, , etc.
consequentialism
like another cold-system, all about reasoning and involves analysis:
course of action #1 results in this payoff
course of action #1 results in that payoff
you do the math and figure out the better one
John Stuart
as an ethical being, you are a "rational calculator of "
once you cognitively decide what the best payoff strategy is, you have to force this on your
3. ethics
a hot cognitive model
ethics is about cultivating desirable in the self
as an ethical teacher, you are trying to get people to have "new hot reactions" to the world, i.e. instead of cold cognitive thought of how to act, they act spontaneously and virtuously
training , emotion and desires
is the prominent example
also early Confucians and Daoists
it relies on the power of hot cognition, but not the hot cognition we're with
Vocabulary:
tamp, v. to drive in or pack down by frequent gentle strokes ⇒ "So cold cognition says, ok, I'll stop doing that, and I tamp down my hot cognition and act in a different way guided by conscious incentives taat have been set up by the institutional structure around me." |
deontology, n. the normative ethical position that judges the morality of an action based on the action's adherence to a rule or rules ⇒ "Kant's theory is an example of a deontological or duty-based ethics: it judges morality by examining the nature of actions and the will of agents rather than goals achieved. Kant's position can be contrasted with that of John Stuart Mill's utilitarianism, in which, as an ethical being, you are a "rational calculator of payoffs"." |
Spelling Corrections:
unchangable ⇒ unchangeable