Choose from these words to fill the blanks below:

valuable, worse, serfs, restraining, tax, enserfment, industrialization, Western, independent, ethnically, attracted, paradoxical, backwardness, wars, free, 1651, morality, army, sold, community, bourgeoise, Mongols, Russian, impoverishment, Soviet, overcome, instruments, abolished, healthy, move, rethought, 1861, agriculture, inefficient, late, central, governmental, intellectual, lightly, Marxist, weak, late, Kiew, religious, revolutionary

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the character of the Russian state from its establishment to the pre-                          revolutionary time

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the great dividing line is         1861

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the liberation of the           serfs

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how did serfdom develop and what were the consequences of serfdom

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serfdom is the essential social fact of               Russian history

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which has significance very much going into             Soviet times

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serfdom developed relatively         late

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at a time when the serfdom conditions in Europe became lighter and ultimately diminished

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two aspectes led up to it

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1. the                             impoverishment of the peasantry

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came about because the Russian lands were not particularly suitable for                       agriculture

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the best Russian cultivatable lands are comparable to the           worse cultivatable lands in the United States

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        Kiew was a collection of cities and towns, but Russia had nothing comparable

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the consequence of this is that a surplus that elsewhere contributed to the creation of cities, did not develop in Russia

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thus the                     bourgeoise as a restraining force to the aristocracy did not come into existence at all

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significant in 16th and 17th century when Russia was engaged in a number of         wars

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spread of epidemics

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destruction

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peasants were         free, able to move, etc.

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had to borrow in order to survive and so         sold himself into serfdom as a result of the wars

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policies of the state

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the Russian prince would assemble an         army of the small land owners

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he could only pay through giving them land

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the land was not by itself very                 valuable

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16th, 17th century

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aristocrats, the richer landlords were in the position to compete for labor by offering better conditions to peasants

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the state had an interest in the                     enserfment of the peasantry

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to keep them ready and               healthy enough to serve in the army

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forbidden to         move in certain years

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        1651 all free movement of the peasants was suspended and they became tied to the land

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2. character of the nobility

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could never have the characteristic of the               Western nobility

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they were                     ethnically diverse

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some descendants of Kiew princes

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some came from               Mongols

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acquired power through service of the Czar as opposed to having ancient connections to the land

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the Czar made sure that this would not happen by moving the central location of aristocrats from one place to another

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consequentially, the aristocrats were not able to effectively oppose               central power

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what developed instead was a bureaucracy

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there perceived interest was that of the state rather than that social class

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              Marxist criticism saying that this was a state that served the interests of the nobility was not really accurate

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it was a very         weak state

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sounds                       paradoxical, since it was an autocracy

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autocracy means there is no                       restraining force on central power

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weak state means that the                       instruments which the central power had to influence every aspect of the culture, were missing

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Russia was               lightly governed

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the sense of public service was never developed

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a great weakness

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the Soviet Revolution of 1917 attempted to                 overcome this weakness

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Russian culture

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it remained fundamentally a                   religious culture up to the time of Peter the Great

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the beginning of a division

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1. Russians who believed that Russia was an                       independent and separate nation than Western Europe

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2. Russians who were                   attracted by what Europe had to offer

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Peter the Great became acquainted with the West

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are willing to recognize the concept of                         backwardness in their culture

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to this day there is this fundamental division in Russian                         intellectual life

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1861 Serfdom was                   abolished by the state

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economic reasons

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it was                       inefficient

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serf had little interest in improving the land

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the peasant commune remained in place

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represented the Russian peoples' commitment to                   community

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major force before and after liberation

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a hindrance

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countryside was overpopulated

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resisted peasants from moving into the city, since it would lower       tax revenue

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the beginning of                                   industrialization

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spiritual reason

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Russian rules including the nobility lost faith in the                 morality of keeping people serfs

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1861 is the same year as the beginning of the American civil war

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the nobility carried out                         governmental functions

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once the authority of the nobel was abolished, everything had to be                   rethought

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state entities such as city councils came into being

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last decades of the 19th century, comparatively         late

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a major change in many areas of life