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the shrinking of the world more intervisible

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including the intervisibiliy of races with each other

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many people suggested that the problems of the world came from the fact that there were so many races

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others insisted that it was racists who were the problem, since they held these irrational beliefs

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i.e. those who didn't subscribe to 18th century philosophical beliefs

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there was nothing naturally inferior about women

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there was nothing naturally inferior about non-white people

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W.E.B. DuBois (1868-1963)

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wrote The Souls of Black Folk,

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demanded that blacks not be denied their fundamental rights

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demanded integration or accommodation

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many responded to this demand with alarm

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Ku Klux Klan

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groups were concerned with how migrants would debase the population

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Agentina

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Cuba

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racialized theories of criminology

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the belief that some races were more rational than others

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rise of the eugenics movement

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trying to locate behavior in genetic coding

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eugenicists tried to bring together all disciplines in order to explain why certain races are better than others to fuel a master science and explain all human behavior

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a fear that some races had a propensity to be more fecund

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of those who were genetically inferior

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the survival of the fittest was not always the survival of the most intelligent

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wanted to encourage reproduction in better races and discourage reproduction in

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the goal was to support the superior and discourage and repress the inferior

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social politics: a new spirit of intervention

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the world could not be left to regulate and sustain itself

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the market place could not be relied upon to resolve all problems

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increasing awareness of market failures

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Hull House

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Hull House was a settlement house in the United States that was co-founded in 1889 by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr. Located on the Near West Side of Chicago, Illinois, Hull House opened to recently arrived European immigrants. By 1911, Hull House had grown to 13 buildings. In 1912 the Hull House complex was completed with the addition of a summer camp, the Bowen Country Club. With its innovative social, educational, and artistic programs, Hull House became the standard bearer for the movement that had grown, by 1920, to almost 500 settlement houses nationally.

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we needed to lift people up from the squalor of the cities

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diseases did not respect class boundaries, so there was incentive to do this

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while cities were symbols of the new age, they were also particularly dangerous places

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government intervention was necessary

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a cycle of observation and intervention

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capital was crossing borders

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so too were ideas about politics as globalism spread around the world

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in the end, it would take a cataclysmic event like the First World War to provide reformers to think beyond local ways of intervening and to think more explicitly about the global system in which humans were living