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as the Ming Dyansty ends, China does not follow the fate of India

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India faced a slow corrosion to Mugal authority

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the new Qing dynasty that was created in China in the wake of the Manchu invasions (1627, 1636)

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China was in many respects the world's superpower at the time

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the Ming dynasty fadedsuperpower

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agrarian expansion

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climate change

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people fleeing

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epidemics, social crisis

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reversing the process of the southernization of the Chinese

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by 1661, the population shrunk to 10 million

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important continuities

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the way the Manchus took over the Chinese first turned them inwards

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brought remnants of old power into the new Qing system

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tried to reestablish Han ethnic purity

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return to classical studies away from teachings of late Ming

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dress code

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straight jackets

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shaved foreheads

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tried to expand west and south

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ran up against Russia which was also expanding

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Qing conquest of Turkestan

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Choros Erdeniin Galdan (1644-1697)

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victim of expansion of Qing

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Qing had to extend supply lines into hinterland expeditions

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most of them failed

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but Qing was determined to expand

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1691 finally they drove Galdan into his last hamlets

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1697 became a chase into the Gobi desert

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guerrilla wars was against villagers as they plowed through

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Galdan's only hope for survival would be draw his troops very far into the interior

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he eventually because too outnumbered by the Manchus

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Galdan was surrounded and killed

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his body was transported back to Beijing in a ceremonial parade

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this showed the power of the Qing and Manchu heroism

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Chinese writers were employed to write epics and theater pieces about this

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dynasty showed pardons over his subjects

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showed how he could bring justice to other peoples

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Galdan's body was sliced up in public so that his physical presence on this earth could be eradicated

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asked many leaders to come and watch as his bones were brought out one by one, each one crushed in public

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so it was that by 1700 China rejoined the race to occupy the shrinking open spaces of the world

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empires:

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Mughal Empire (1526–1857)

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extended over large parts of the Indian subcontinent, Akbar most famous ruler

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did not stamp out the local societies it came to rule, but rather balanced and pacified them through new administrative practices

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-##mughalempire