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expansion in India

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mid 18th century

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initially a rivalry with the French

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over next century

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large areas of India came under British control

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assumed a new important for Britain

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economically

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strategically

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militarily

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after loss of 13 American colonies

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India fixed itself in the English imagination as the jewel in the British imperial crown in Victorian period

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1871 census

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236 million Indians were either directly under British control

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or in native or princely states

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1857 rebellion in India

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a shock to the British imperial psyche

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British army numbered around 250,000 troops

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but only 50,000 were European

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this rebellion broke out in the Indian army

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large tracks of territory particularly in the north of India were completely out of control

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took over a year to suppress

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led to a major change in how British would rule India

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double-edged sword

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1. test of Imperial will which the British felt they emerged victoriously in 1857

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East Indian Company, which had ruled India at arms length, had its powers transferred to the British crown

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began the British Raj which lasted until 1947

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2. Britain's confidence had been punctured of 1857

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in the first half of the 19th century British sought to modernize and Westernize India

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this was no longer the case in the second half of the 19th century

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a passion for improvement gave way to a concern of law and order

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the Victorian's confidence evaporated

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imperialism became a must more defensive approach

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same as in Africa

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to fend off and contest the extension of influence which they saw being asserted by other imperlial powers

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Expansion in Africa

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19th century witnesses dramatic changes with Europe's relations with Africa

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in 1914, 90% of Africa's territory was under control of

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10 million square miles of territory

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Britain

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France

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Germany

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Portugal

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Italy

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called New Imperialism, Scramble for Africa, Partition of Africa

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empire was about natural resources, money, and trade and the power that came with these

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very true in Southern Africa

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in 19th century, South Africa was happy enough for these states to have their independence

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Dutch Boer settlers in the Orange Free State

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1854-1902

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Transvaal state

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1880 First Boer War

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Britain vs. Transvaal

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1880 granted independence under Pretoria Convention

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but then diamonds were discovered in Kimberley in the Orange Free State and discovery of gold in the Transvaal state, brought

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Paul Kruger and the Afrikaners

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the personification of Afrikanerdom

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tragic folk hero

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obstinate guardian of an unjust cause

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discovery of gold gave Kruger the economic resources to underwrite the political independence of the Transvaal

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74 million pounds of foreign capital flooded into the region, much from Britain

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transformation of the region

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Kruger was a threat to the British

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wanted to build a railway line to coast in Mozambique

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1899-1902: Second Boer War

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between Britain and Transvaal Republic and the Orange state

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both sides had been readying for a fight

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quite expensive for Britain

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Transvaal and Orange Free State were transferred into the British Empire

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Alfred Milner and his "Kindergarten"

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noted for mentoring a gathering of young members of the South African Civil Service, informally known as Milner's Kindergarten

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reestablished British control in the region

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it didn't last very long

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there were pro and con voices in Britain itself

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pro-war propaganda effort

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gave rise to a relief effort for the soldiers

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1914: Botha and Smuts

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two Afrikaners

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created the Union of South Africa (1910-1914)

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predecessor to Republic of South Africa

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900 war memorials in Britain, testimony how deeply the war had effected the psyche of the nation