==learnItem
courseraHistory1760
The Emergence of the Third World
history
https://www.coursera.org/course/modernworld
2014-07-28 04:36:24
[[
- the *Suez* Canal background tension
	- how does the United States reconcile its anti-*communist* goals with the imperialist goals of the British and French
		- imperial interests are creating colonial *rebellions* that are playing into the hands of the communists
		- the United States wants to be on the side of aspiring *nationalists* for the sake of its anti-communist confederation
		- that puts it in conflict with the empires, yet these empires are their *allies*, that's the tension which came to a head in 1956 with the Suez Canal
	- 1954: French lost Indochina
		- French were locked in an intense struggle to retain *Algeria*, it's North African department of France
	- Egypt under Nasser
		- Nasser overthrows 1952 government, cracked down on Muslim *Brotherhood* and ousted president
		- 1956 nationalizes Suez Canal
		- obliges *British* to withdraw their forces from Egypt, forces that had been their since 1882, also because of a dispute over the Suez Canal
		- the French don't like Nasserian Egypt either since they think he is supporting Algerian *rebels*
		- British see Nasser's move on Suez Canal as a way to cut one of their historic imperial life lines
		- British and French secretly collude with the *Israelis* so that all three countries launch a joint military occupation which will seize the Suez Canal while the Israelis will attack Egypt in Sinai
			- Lester B. Pearson from *Canada* had proposed a UN peacekeeping force
			- U.S. supported this and put pressure on the British *financially*
			- unlike 1882, the British and the French had to take a humiliating withdrawal, Israelis forced to withdraw from *Sinai*
	- significance of the Suez Canal outcome
		- for the West: Americans had reaffirmed the centrality of the anti-communist confederation
		- British and France began looking toward the *dismantling* of their empires as something that was inevitable
			- the process of decolonization accelerated rapidly
		- as French and British gave up their *colonial* identity, they started focusing on European identity
			- and some of this European identity excluded the United States, as there was hostility toward the U.S. coming out of the Suez Canal crisis
		- for the East, it gave the Soviet Union more opportunity for taking sides in the Middle East, finding states who wanted Soviet *arm* supplies
			- to the Soviet Union, Nasser was a *hero* who stood up to the west and vindicated the cause of nationalism
		- Nasser symbolized the new power of the *Third* World
- Third World
	- countries not included in NATO or Communist Bloc, the *uncommitted* middle
	- from the point of view of the superpowers
		- Third World countries were very important as *objects*
			- 1. dependent patron/*client* relationships
				- not formal colonies but *junior* partners on one side or the other   
			- 2. development models
				- experimental *laboratories* for American or communist ideas about development
				- enormous infrastructure projects such as *dams* to generate electricity
			- 3. geopolitical locations and strategic pivots
				- to control *choke* points to important areas of the world
			- 4. examples of authenticity and liberation
				- striving against hierarchical oppression
				- idealized image of "the natural person", e.g. Che *Guevara*, who became a symbol of revolution against oppression
			- 5. in all the Third World seemed important
	- from the point of view of Third World countries
		- a non-aligned movement
			- Sukarno
				- 1955 president Sukarno in *Indonesia*
				- organized the *Bandung* Conference to unite developing Asian and African countries into a non-aligned movement to counter the competing superpowers at the time
					- interesting that China also attended
			- Jawaharlal *Nehru*
				- prime minister of India from 1947-1964
		- there was a notion that whichever way the Third World swung would determine *future* balance of power between the rival blocks   
		- leaders felt pressured to be subjects
		- the shape of their countries had been shaped by and *inherited* from imperial rule
			- kind of government
			- property laws
			- *court* system
			- armies
			- political vocabulary
		- shaped by the anti-*imperialist* struggle
		- they are simultaneously products of imperial rule and the *hatred* of imperial rule
		- decolonization was going on globally in the 1950s and 1960s, little countries getting their independence but with weighted dependence toward the superpowers
		- fragility
			- structure of some of these states are very small
			- e.g. one radio station, one newspaper, a small *capital*
			- loyal army units you can count on might be a few battalions
			- leaders were conscious of what it would take for someone to suddenly overthrow them and how foreigners might *meddle* in the affairs of your country
				- affected deals they made to buy goods, promises they made, relations they entered into
			- leaders were both worried by their *fragility* and tempted by it
		- independence
			- want to feel more independent
			- leaders are trying to manipulate the foreigners to serve their interests
		- modernization
			- catching up
			- lifting their people out of *poverty*
			- this was a very strong notion for Third World countries
			- there were multiple meanings of *modernization*           
			- banks
				- who controls the modernized banks in my country?
				- who gets access to credit in *credit*?
			- key industries
				- what is the relationship of my government to *key* industries: tin, copper, etc.
			- land
				- are you satisfied by who owns land or do you need to *redistribute* it?
			- trade
				- do you like the trading system that the imperial power left you with?
				- raise or lower *tariffs*?
			- wages and prices
				- do you let the *market* set the price for e.g. bread and gasoline?
			- justice
				- guarantees *property* rights
				- will it be independent?
		- communist model
			- the *government* controls all of these issues
		- democratic socialism model
			- e.g. Nehru, Mexico
			- state would control quite a lot of these issues
				- land
				- key industries, e.g. oil
		- import-substitution industrialization (ISI)
			- e.g. *Brazil*
			- increase barriers to trade to develop your own industries
			- low trade and increased local industry
			- *reducing* local imports of foreign goods
		- export-oriented industrialization (EOI)
			- e.g. *Japan*, South Korea
			- barriers to imports might still be *high*
			- keep out foreign imports
			- high trade
			- *depress* wages
			- depress currency
			- rich countries will think: that stuff they are making is so cheap, we want to buy it
			- problem: you are keeping the wealth of your own people is lower
				- their buying power is being reduced to keep your exports high
				- your companies are happy but your workers are not
				- this define politics in Japan and South Korea in the 1970s
		- liberal stance along the 19th century lines
			- keep government out
			- only regulate capitalist system as much as necessary
		- old-fashioned *predatory* state
			- the choice of dictators who didn't want to fuss with all of these choices
			- like states that had been around for thousands of years
			- find out what in your country makes *money*, grab control of it, then squeeze out as much of it as you can for yourself
	- these pressures shaped Third World countries leaders
		- Ghana's Kwame *Nkrumah*
			- oversaw liberation from Britain in Ghana
			- saw himself as African Lenin
		- *Vietnam*'s Ho Chi-Minh
			- Vietnamese Communist revolutionary, president of North Vietnam 1945-1969
		- Egypt's *Nasser*
		- Algeria's Ferhat *Abbas* (1899-1985)
			- involved in revoluationary struggle of Algeria
		- Kenya's Tom *Mboya*
			- spearheaded the negotiations for Kenya's independence from Britain
			- during this time was when Obama's father came to *Hawaii* on a scholarship sponsored by the United States
		- China's Mao Tse Tung
			- took land and food away from the rural peasants and redistributed it to the cities
			- this "Great Leap Forward" caused a famine as *Stalin*'s similar attempt in the 1930s
				- probably caused between 20 and 30 million lives
		- Indonesia's *Sukarno*
			- 1946 menacing insurgent figure
			- 1958 weary, battled president of a country suffering from civil war
		- India's *Nehru*
			- split into India and Pakistan
			- Pakistan had divisions of its own
			- a part of Pakistan, East Bengal succeeded from Pakistan and became Bangladesh
			- pressured by China
		- Cuba's *Castro*
			- led 26th of July movement against *Batista* in 1959
			- then chose a communist model for his country
	- variety and similarities
		- even though these people indicate a wide variety of personalities, each of them had to deal with the *same* sorts of questions and issues in their countries
		- important to remember that super powers were using Third World countries for their purposes, just as Third World country leaders were using the superpowers for their purposes
- vocabulary:
	- collude, v.
		- act together secretly to achieve a fraudulent, illegal, or deceitful purpose//What happens then is that the British and French secretly collude with the Israelis so that all three countries launch a joint military occupation which will seize the Suez Canal while the Israelis will attack Egypt in Sinai.
- people:
	- Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969)
		- Vietnamese Communist revolutionary, president of North Vietnam 1945-1969
		- died of old age in the middle of the Vietnam War (1955-1975)
		- ##hochiminh
	- Kwame Nkrumah (1909-1972)
		- leader of Ghana 1951-1966 nation's independence from British colonization in 1957
		- winner of the Lenin Peace Prize in 1963
		- saw himself as an African Lenin
		- ##nkrumah
	- Che Guevara (1928-1967)
		- Argentine Marxist revolutionary against capitalist exploitation of Latin America
		- traveled throughout South America, saw poverty, involved in Guatemala's social reforms, joined Fidel Castro
		- played a pivotal role in the victorious two-year guerrilla campaign that deposed the Batista regime
		- supported international revolution
		- captured and killed by CIA-supported Bolivian troops in Bolivia
		- ##guevara
	- Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918-1957)
		- second president of Egypt after planning 1952 overthrow of monarchy, cracked down on Muslim Brotherhood and ousted president
		- neutralist policies during the Cold War led to tense relations with Western powers
		- retaliatory move to nationalize the Suez Canal Company in 1956 was acclaimed within Egypt and the Arab world
		- ##nasser
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